Research articles
Theories and applications of FRACOD–a fracture mechanics approach to modern rock engineering problems
Baotang Shen*
Deep Resources Engineering. 2025, 2(3): 100210. 
doi.org10.1016j.deepre.2025.100210.pdf
Brief Introduction: This paper presents a comprehensive review of the fracture mechanics-based numerical code FRACOD, including its theoretical foundations, coupled thermal-hydraulic-mechanical capabilities, validation examples, and practical applications in rock engineering such as geothermal energy development.
本文系统综述了基于断裂力学的数值模拟方法（FRACOD），涵盖其基础理论、热–水–力耦合（THM）功能、验证算例，以及在岩石工程（如地热能开发）中的实际应用。
Keywords: Rock mass; Fracture; Propagation; Coupling, FRACOD; Thermal; Fluid flow; Geothermal
Cite: Shen, B.T., Theories and applications of FRACOD–a fracture mechanics approach to modern rock engineering problems. Deep Resources Engineering 2025, 2 (3): 100210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.deepre.2025.100210
Dynamic fracture behavior of rock tunnel under impact loading: Insights from experiments and peridynamic simulations
Peng Ying, Yu Zhao, Junchen Zhang, Weijian Li*, Yiqiang Zhao, Zheming Zhu, Yanliang Du
Deep Resources Engineering. 2025, 2(3): 100206. doi.org10.1016j.deepre.2025.100206.pdf
Brief Introduction: This paper combines experimental and numerical methods to investigate the dynamic fracture behavior of rock tunnels under impact loading, revealing how tunnel orientation and defects influence crack propagation and reduce fracture toughness.
本文结合实验室试验与数值模拟方法，系统研究了冲击荷载作用下隧道围岩的动态断裂行为，揭示了隧道开挖和结构面对裂纹扩展路径及断裂韧性降低的影响机制。
Keywords: Rock tunnel; Crack propagation; Rock dynamics; Peridynamic model; Stress wave
Cite: Ying, P.; Zhao, Y.; Zhang, J.C.; Li, W.J; Zhao, Y.Q.; Zhu, Z.M.; Du, Y.L., Dynamic fracture behavior of rock tunnel under impact loading: Insights from experiments and peridynamic simulations. Deep Resources Engineering 2025, 2 (3): 100206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.deepre.2025.100206
Three-dimensional deformation response of cement stone under true triaxial compression
Ying Xu, Dongping Liu, Bangbiao Wu, Jiacun Liu*
Deep Resources Engineering. 2025, 2(3): 100170. doi.org10.1016j.deepre.2025.100170.pdf
Brief Introduction: This paper experimentally investigates the three-dimensional deformation behavior of cement stone under true triaxial compression, revealing how intermediate and minimum principal stresses influence strain paths, volumetric versus shear deformation, and the Lode-angle dependence of deformation.
本文通过实验系统研究了油井水泥环在真三轴压缩条件下的三维变形响应，揭示了中间主应力和最小主应力对应变路径、体积变形与剪切变形及其洛德角依赖性的影响规律。
Keywords: Cement stone; True triaxial stress; Intermediate principal stress; Principal strain space; Lode angle dependence
Cite: Xu, Y.; Liu, D.P.; Wu, B.B.; Liu, J.C., Three-dimensional deformation response of cement stone under true triaxial compression. Deep Resources Engineering 2025, 2 (3): 100170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.deepre.2025.100170
Generation of and countermeasures against time-delayed rockbursts
Ben-Guo He*, Hong-Pu Li, Xia-Ting Feng, Zi-Hui Zhu, Han-Yi Liu, Heng-Yuan Zhang, Xiang-Rui Meng
Deep Resources Engineering. 2025, 2(3): 100187. doi.org10.1016j.deepre.2025.100187.pdf
Brief Introduction: This paper investigates the mechanisms of time-delayed rockbursts in deep tunnels, driven by high in-situ stress, structural planes, and dynamic disturbances, and proposes energy control strategies including wave-absorbing support to prevent catastrophic failure.
本文系统研究了高地应力、结构面及动力扰动共同作用下深部隧道迟滞性岩爆的发生机理，提出了以吸波支护为代表的能量控制策略，以抑制灾变性破坏的发生。
Keywords: Time-delayed rockburst; Wave-absorbed technology; In-situ stress; Geological structure; Dynamic disturbance
Cite: He, B.-G.; Li, H.-P.; Feng, X.-T.; Zhu, Z.-H.; Liu, H.-Y.; Zhang, H.-Y.; Meng, X.-R., Generation of and countermeasures against time-delayed rockbursts. Deep Resources Engineering 2025, 2 (3): 100187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.deepre.2025.100187
Simulation of progressive notch failure in deep bored raises using an iterative approach in FLAC3D
Alex Hall*, Ming Cai, Chris O’Connor, Pranay Yadav, Brad Simser
Deep Resources Engineering. 2025, 2(3): 100197. doi.org10.1016j.deepre.2025.100197.pdf
Brief Introduction: This paper presents an innovative iterative FLAC3D modeling approach to simulate progressive notch failure in deep bored raises, integrating stress fracturing and scouring mechanisms observed at Glencore’s Onaping Depth project.
本文提出了一种创新的迭代式 FLAC3D 建模方法，用于模拟深部天井的渐进式 V 型破坏过程。该方法融合了在嘉能可公司 Onaping Depth 项目中观测到的应力致裂与围岩冲蚀机制，实现了对深部天井失稳演化过程的高精度再现。
Keywords: Bored raise; Vertical excavations; Notching; Stress fracturing; Scouring; Numerical simulation
Cite: Hall, A.; Cai, M.; O’Connor, C.; Yadav, P.; Simser, B., Simulation of progressive notch failure in deep bored raises using an iterative approach in FLAC3D. Deep Resources Engineering 2025, 2 (3): 100197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.deepre.2025.100197
Review article
Geothermal energy and tiered synergistic mining of geothermal energy and minerals: Advantages, issues, and paths
Fangchao Kang, Chun’an Tang, Yingchun Li*, Tianjiao Li, Wendi Zhang, Chongchong Cai
Deep Resources Engineering. 2025, 2(3): 100199. doi.org10.1016j.deepre.2025.100199.pdf
Brief Introduction: This paper proposes a novel Tiered Synergistic Mining of Geothermal Energy and Minerals (TSMGM) framework that integrates excavation-enhanced geothermal systems (E-EGS) with conventional mining techniques to enable simultaneous extraction of geothermal energy and mineral resources across low-, medium-, and high-temperature gradients, addressing key limitations of traditional drilling-based EGS.
本文提出了一种新颖的地热能与矿物质分层协同开采（TSMGM）框架，该框架将开挖增强型地热系统（E-EGS）与传统采矿技术相结合，能在低、中、高温梯度下同时开采地热能和矿产资源，从而解决了传统钻井增强型地热系统（D-EGS）的局限性。
Keywords: Geothermal energy; HDR; EGS; E-EGS; Tiered synergistic mining of geothermal energy and minerals
Cite: Kang, F.C.; Tang, C.A.; Li, Y.C.; Li, T.J.; Zhang, W.D.; Cai, C.C., Geothermal energy and tiered synergistic mining of geothermal energy and minerals: advantages, issues, and paths. Deep Resources Engineering 2025, 2 (3): 100199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.deepre.2025.100199
